{"id":13650,"date":"2025-03-05T14:10:15","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T11:10:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/?p=13650"},"modified":"2025-03-05T14:10:15","modified_gmt":"2025-03-05T11:10:15","slug":"sozlesme-hukukunu-yeknesaklastirma-calismalari-ole-lando-ilkeleri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/sozlesme-hukukunu-yeknesaklastirma-calismalari-ole-lando-ilkeleri\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u00d6ZLE\u015eME HUKUKUNU YEKNESAKLA\u015eTIRMA \u00c7ALI\u015eMALARI: OLE LANDO \u0130LKELER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Avrupa i\u00e7inde hukuklar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi daha do\u011frusu ortak bir hukuk bilincinin yarat\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ilk olarak 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 hukuk kongresinde dile getirilmi\u015ftir. O d\u00f6nemde ulusal hukuklar yeni yeni olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve devletler kendi i\u00e7 hukuklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Buradan hareketle, bir ulusun i\u00e7indeki hukukun birle\u015ftirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ise neden uluslararas\u0131 alanda da hukuk birle\u015ftirilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Bu ama\u00e7la haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma mevcuttur. Bunlar; Hollandal\u0131 Hukuk\u00e7u Ole Lando \u00f6nderli\u011finde Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fclkelerinden gelen uzmanlardan olu\u015fan \u201cAvrupa S\u00f6zle\u015fme Hukuku Komisyonu\u201d (Commission on European Contract Law)\u2019nun haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAvrupa S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler Hukuku \u0130lkeleri\u201d (European Contract Law) ve Michael Joachim Bonell\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu UNIDROIT (the Governing Council of the International Institute of the Unification of Private Law)\u2019in haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cUluslararas\u0131 Ticari S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u0130lkeleri\u201d (Principles of International Commercial Contracts)dir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lk kez 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ole Lando taraf\u0131ndan Ortak Ticaret Kanunu yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ile beraber ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7 1980 ve 1981 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan sempozyumlar sonucunda bir Komisyon\u2019un kurulmas\u0131 ile devam etmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015f\u0131nda Hollandal\u0131 Hukuk\u00e7u Ole Lando\u2019nun bulundu\u011fu Avrupa S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler Hukuku Komisyonu Avrupa Birli\u011fine \u00fcye devletlerden gelen toplam 20 hukuk\u00e7udan (ki bunlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu akademisyendir) olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu Komisyon, hi\u00e7bir h\u00fck\u00fbmete ba\u011fl\u0131 olmay\u0131p \u00f6zerk bir yap\u0131da olmakla beraber Avrupa Birli\u011fi ve \u00f6zel kurulu\u015flarca desteklenmi\u015ftir. Ancak \u00fcyelerden hi\u00e7biri h\u00fck\u00fbmetler taraf\u0131ndan atanm\u0131\u015f veya se\u00e7ilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Bu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temel nedeni \u0130lkelerin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir h\u00fck\u00fbmet ile ba\u011fl\u0131 olmamak ve tamamen \u00f6zg\u00fcrce \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmektir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130lkelerin amac\u0131 nedir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Komisyonun amac\u0131, Avrupa Ortak Ticaret Kanunu \u2019na \u00f6n basamak olabilecek ve hukukun genel kurallar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren kurallar\u0131 saptamak ve bir anlamda modern lex mercatoria yaratmakt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 1. B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn 1:101:1.maddesinde de bu husus; \u201cBu \u0130lkeler Avrupa Birli\u011finde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler hukukunun genel kurallar\u0131 olarak uygulanmak \u00fczere haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d ifadesi ile belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Ayr\u0131ca Lando\u2019ya g\u00f6re bu \u0130lkelerle var\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7lar;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u00d6zel s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin yorumlanmas\u0131 konusundaki s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmak,<\/li>\n<li>Ortak bir hukuk birli\u011fi geli\u015ftirmek,<\/li>\n<li>Hukukun genel ilkelerini tespit ederek uygulay\u0131c\u0131lara yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak,<\/li>\n<li>Lex mercatoria\u2019y\u0131 yeniden yaratmak,<\/li>\n<li>Taraflarca hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olunmas\u0131 halinde uygulanacak genel kurallar koymakt\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130lkeler devletler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130lkeler hen\u00fcz Avrupa Parlamentosu taraf\u0131ndan usul\u00fcne uygun \u015fekilde yasala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00fcye devletler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, taraflar\u0131n onu uygulanacak hukuk olarak se\u00e7mesinden, ba\u015fka bir ifade ile yapacaklar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 haline getirmelerinden veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine \u201chukukun genel ilkeleri\u201d veya \u201clex mercatoria\u201dn\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda anla\u015fmalar\u0131ndan almaktad\u0131r. Her ne kadar madde1:101:3\u2019te taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 durumunda da bu \u0130lkelerin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015fse debu konuda doktrinde kesin bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fi yoktur. Ancak mesela \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Man\u015f T\u00fcneli S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde taraflarca bu \u0130lkeler s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak kabul edilerek uygulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0130lkelerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n avantajlar\u0131 nelerdir?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu ilkeler, Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fclkelerinde uygulanmas\u0131 zorunlu ilkeler olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Avrupa\u2019da s\u0131n\u0131rlar aras\u0131 yap\u0131lan ticarette kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar.<\/li>\n<li>Avrupa\u2019da tek Pazar olu\u015fmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/li>\n<li>S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin t\u00e2bi oldu\u011fu m\u00fc\u015fterek hukuklar i\u00e7in altyap\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/li>\n<li>Mill\u00ee yasa koyucular\u0131 ve mill\u00ee mahkemeler i\u00e7in rehber h\u00fck\u00fcmler olarak al\u0131nabilir.<\/li>\n<li>M\u00fc\u015fterek hukuk ile meden\u00ee hukuk aras\u0131nda bir k\u00f6pr\u00fc g\u00f6revini yerine getirir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Ku\u015fkusuz, taraflar s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin bu ilkelere t\u00e2bi olmas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a istemi\u015fler veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde lex mercatoria\u2019n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerse veya taraflarca se\u00e7ilen uygulanacak hukuk ihtilaf\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015f ise, soruna \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmek \u00fczere bu ilkeleri uygulamak veya bu ilkelerden faydalanmak imk\u00e2n dahilindedir.<\/p>\n<p>Av. Beyzanur YILMAZ<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Avrupa i\u00e7inde hukuklar\u0131n birle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi daha do\u011frusu ortak bir hukuk bilincinin yarat\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ilk olarak 1900 y\u0131l\u0131nda Paris\u2019te d\u00fczenlenen kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 hukuk kongresinde dile getirilmi\u015ftir. O d\u00f6nemde ulusal hukuklar yeni yeni olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve devletler kendi i\u00e7 hukuklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Buradan hareketle, bir ulusun i\u00e7indeki hukukun birle\u015ftirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ise neden uluslararas\u0131 alanda da hukuk birle\u015ftirilmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi do\u011fmu\u015ftur. [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":13651,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13650","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-meridyen-hukuk"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13650"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13650"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13650\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13652,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13650\/revisions\/13652"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13651"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13650"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13650"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13650"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}