{"id":13604,"date":"2024-12-28T23:45:37","date_gmt":"2024-12-28T20:45:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/?p=13604"},"modified":"2024-12-28T23:45:37","modified_gmt":"2024-12-28T20:45:37","slug":"haksiz-sart-denetiminde-fiyat-edim-dengesine-bakilmamasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/haksiz-sart-denetiminde-fiyat-edim-dengesine-bakilmamasi\/","title":{"rendered":"HAKSIZ \u015eART DENET\u0130M\u0130NDE F\u0130YAT ED\u0130M DENGES\u0130NE BAKILMAMASI"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n

9 Nisan 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda BM\u2019ce kabul edilen \u201cT\u00fcketicilerin Korunmas\u0131 \u0130lkeleri Rehberi\u201d t\u00fcketicinin korunmas\u0131 hareketine h\u0131z kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. AB\u2019nin 93\/13 sy. Y\u00f6nergesi ile \u00fcye \u00fclkeler, haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimini h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6nergeye uygun olarak ulusal mevzuatlar\u0131na dahil etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 172. maddesi ile devlete t\u00fcketiciyi koruyucu tedbirler alma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fckleyen hukukumuz haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimi ile ilk kez 4077 sy. eTKHK\u2019a 4822 sy. Kanunla eklenen m. 6 h\u00fckm\u00fcyle tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kanun dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 13.6.2003 tarihli t\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde haks\u0131z \u015fartlar hakk\u0131nda y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin 6. maddesi ile haks\u0131z \u015fart denetiminde fiyat edim dengesine bak\u0131lamamas\u0131 ilkesi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Kanun koyucu 6502 sy. yeni TKHK\u2019da da bu ilkeye yer vererek sahip \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada haks\u0131z \u015fart denetiminde fiyat edim dengesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlamaya de\u011finilecek olup 22.11.2011 tarihinde 93\/13 sy. AB Y\u00f6nergesine eklenen madde \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde s\u00f6z konusu k\u0131s\u0131tlama de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/a>\u00a7. HAKSIZ \u015eARTLAR<\/strong><\/h1>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>TANIMI<\/strong><\/h2>\n

Haks\u0131z s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fart\u0131 kavram\u0131, 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortas\u0131ndan beri ABD\u2019de bilinmekteydi. Uniform Commercial Code, Common Law\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131na yer vermek suretiyle hakime kendisine haks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fcnen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fme maddesini iptal etme yetkisi vermektedir. Avrupa \u00fclkelerine ise, 1970\u2019li y\u0131llardan sonra, haks\u0131z \u015fartlarla m\u00fccadele sistematik olarak girmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcketicinin korunmas\u0131 endi\u015fesi, bu de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcrecinin ya\u015fanmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur (Renan Baykan, T\u00fcketici Hukuku Mevzuata \u0130li\u015fkin Yorum-Ele\u015ftiri-\u00d6neri, G\u00fcncelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f 2. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, \u0130TO Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2005, s.226)<\/p>\n

6502 sy. kanunla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren TKHK\u2019un 5. maddesinde haks\u0131z \u015fart, \u00a0\u201c<\/em>t\u00fcketiciyle m\u00fczakere edilmeden s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye d\u00e2hil edilen ve taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinde d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fecek bi\u00e7imde t\u00fcketici aleyhine dengesizli\u011fe neden olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131\u201d<\/em> olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yeni Kanun eski Kanundan ve AB Y\u00f6nergesinden iki y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Birinci fark olarak t\u00fcketici aleyhine olan dengesizli\u011fin \u201c\u00f6nemli\u201d<\/em> olmas\u0131n\u0131 aramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eski Kanun d\u00f6neminde, doktrinde baz\u0131 yazarlar hakl\u0131 olarak hangi orans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli ve haks\u0131z oldu\u011funun tespitindeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckler nedeniyle h\u00fckm\u00fc ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir (\u00d6mer \u00c7\u0131nar, T\u00fcketici Hukukunda Haks\u0131z \u015eartlar, 1. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2009, s.32; Aksi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte; Mustafa Alper G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, 6502 Sy. T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun \u015eerhi, C.1, Madde 1-46, 1.Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, 2014). \u0130kinci fark ise eTKHK\u2019da Y\u00f6nergeden de farkl\u0131 olarak d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131<\/em> yerine iyi niyet kural\u0131<\/em> yazmaktayd\u0131. Yeni kanunda bu durum olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi gibi d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>UNSURLARI<\/strong><\/h2>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>2.1.<\/strong>S\u00f6zle\u015fme Ko\u015fulunun T\u00fcketici \u0130le M\u00fczakere Edilmemesi<\/strong><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanunun 5. maddesinde \u201ct\u00fcketici ile m\u00fczakere edilmeden s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye konulan kay\u0131tlar\u201d<\/em> denilerek, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye konulan bir kayd\u0131n haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimine tabi olabilmesi i\u00e7in t\u00fcketici ile m\u00fczakere edilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn z\u0131t anlam\u0131ndan, s\u00f6zle\u015fme kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n, m\u00fczakere edildi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.24-25). TKHK m.5\/1\u2019de yap\u0131lan tan\u0131mdan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bir haks\u0131z \u015fart\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fme metninin birden fazla kullan\u0131m amac\u0131yla haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, yani \u201cGenel \u0130\u015flem \u015eart\u0131\u201d (G\u0130\u015e) <\/em>niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekmez (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.26-27; G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, s.61).<\/p>\n

Ancak kanun koyucu madde f\u0131kras\u0131nda G\u0130\u015e niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 halinde uygulanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n veren bir karineye yer vermi\u015ftir. TKHK m. 5\/3-c.1, \u201cBir s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fart\u0131 \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer almas\u0131 nedeniyle t\u00fcketici i\u00e7eri\u011fine etki edememi\u015fse, o s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcketiciyle m\u00fczakere edilmedi\u011fi kabul edilir.\u201d <\/em>Buna g\u00f6re bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme kayd\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 veya standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer almas\u0131 halinde, t\u00fcketiciyle m\u00fczakere edilmedi\u011fine ili\u015fkin bir karine \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. F\u0131kran\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde ise bu karinenin sonucu olarak \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi d\u00fczenleyen, bir standart \u015fart\u0131n m\u00fcnferiden m\u00fczakere edildi\u011fini iddia ediyorsa bunu ispatla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/em> denilerek s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi d\u00fczenleyen giri\u015fimcinin, bir standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan kayd\u0131n m\u00fcnferiden m\u00fczakere edildi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmesi durumunda bunu ispatlama k\u00fclfetinin kendisine ait olaca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.25; G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, s.62-63). Son olarak f\u0131kran\u0131n son c\u00fcmlesinde ise giri\u015fimcinin t\u00fcketici ile yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u00f6zle\u015fme t\u00fcm\u00fcyle de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde standart s\u00f6zle\u015fme niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu kanaatine var\u0131l\u0131rsa, bir kayd\u0131n belirli unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin m\u00fcnferit bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin m\u00fczakere edilmeyen kay\u0131tlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan haks\u0131z \u015fart h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeyecektir.<\/p>\n

Ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan giri\u015fimci taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan G\u0130\u015e t\u00fcketiciye fikri sorulmaks\u0131z\u0131n tek tarafl\u0131 olarak belirlenir. Kendisine kabul et ya da etme d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda se\u00e7enek sunulmayan t\u00fcketici \u00e7o\u011fu kez global kabul <\/em>(Kavram hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. \u00c7\u0131nar, s.80 vd.; Ay\u015fe Havut\u00e7u, A\u00e7\u0131k \u0130\u00e7erik Denetimi Yoluyla T\u00fcketicinin G\u0130\u015e\u2019na Kar\u015f\u0131 Korunmas\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131, \u0130zmir, G\u00fcncel Hukuk Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2003, s.112 vd.; Adem Yelmen, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019na G\u00f6re G\u0130\u015e\u2019\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131, Ankara, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2014, s. 90 vd.) ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir. T\u00fcketici tek yanl\u0131 olarak haz\u0131rlanan bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 \u00f6nceden g\u00f6rmemesi ve etki edememesi sonucunda \u201ctaraflar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi\u201d <\/em>ilkesi zedelenmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r (Murat Aydo\u011fdu, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku\u2019nda G\u0130\u015e\u2019n\u0131n ve T\u00fcketici Hukuku\u2019nda Haks\u0131z \u015eartlar\u0131n Denetimi, 1. Bask\u0131, Ankara, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2014, s.188-189). Doktrinde s\u00f6zle\u015fme adaletinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in Avrupa Birli\u011fi Adale Divan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (ABAD) Mostaza Claro karar\u0131 \u00f6rnek g\u00f6sterilerek, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fulunun m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f olup olmamas\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n; d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde s\u00f6zle\u015fme dengesinin bir taraf aleyhine bozulup bozulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenmektedir (Erdem B\u00fcy\u00fcksa\u011fi\u015f, \u0130\u00e7erik Denetiminin M\u00fczakere Edilmemi\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fme H\u00fck\u00fcmleriyle S\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 \u00dczerine: Mostaza Claro\u2019nun D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri, E-Journal of Ya\u015far University, S.8, \u00d6zel Say\u0131 (Arma\u011fan), (Ocak 2014), s.675-712)<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>2.2.<\/strong>S\u00f6zle\u015fme Ko\u015fulunun T\u00fcketici Aleyhine D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck Kural\u0131na Ayk\u0131r\u0131 Olarak Dengesizli\u011fe Neden Olmas\u0131<\/strong><\/h3>\n

93\/13 sy. AB Y\u00f6nergesinde d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcketicinin aleyhine \u00f6nemli<\/em> ve haks\u0131z<\/em> bir orans\u0131zl\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi \u015feklinde d\u00fczenlenirken, gerek eski kanun d\u00f6neminde gerek yeni TKHK d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nemli ve haks\u0131z orans\u0131zl\u0131k \u015fart\u0131 aranmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. TBK\u2019nun G\u0130\u015e\u2019nda i\u00e7erik denetimini d\u00fczenleyen 25. maddesi de benzer olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme kayd\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli ve haks\u0131z olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 aramam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Doktrinde \u00f6nemli orans\u0131zl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 tayin etmenin zor olmas\u0131 gerek\u00e7e g\u00f6sterilerek s\u00f6z konusu \u015fart\u0131n aranmamas\u0131n\u0131 yerinde bulanlar\u0131n (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.32; Aydo\u011fdu, s.191-192) yan\u0131 s\u0131ra aranmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini, aranmayacaksa da en az\u0131ndan t\u00fcketici aleyhine \u00e7ok \u00f6nemsiz orans\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 haks\u0131z hale getirmedi\u011fini savunan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerde bulunmaktad\u0131r (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, s.64).<\/p>\n

Doktrinde haks\u0131z \u015fart\u0131 dar yorumlayan bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe (Aydo\u011fdu, s.186-188; Aksi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fte, Havut\u00e7u, s.219, dn. 538; G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, s. 60) g\u00f6re haks\u0131z \u015fart\u0131n bu iki unsura ek olarak G\u0130\u015e i\u00e7in aranan standart \u015fart\u0131n (s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin) mevcut olmas\u0131, \u00e7ok say\u0131da s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 ve genel ve soyut nitelikte olmas\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi savunulmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu unsurlar\u0131 aramak kanun koyucunun ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcketiciyi geni\u015f bir bi\u00e7imde koruma gayesinden uzakla\u015fmak anlam\u0131na gelece\u011finden, yazar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine kat\u0131lmamaktay\u0131z.<\/p>\n

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<\/a><\/a><\/a>3.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>HAKSIZ \u015eART DENET\u0130M\u0130N\u0130N \u0130ST\u0130SNASI OLARAK TARAFLARIN ASL\u0130 ED\u0130MLER\u0130 ARASINDAK\u0130 F\u0130YAT-ED\u0130M DENGES\u0130NE BAKILMAMASI \u0130LKES\u0130<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>T\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerindeki haks\u0131z ko\u015fullar hakk\u0131nda 5.4.1993 tarihli 93\/13 sy. AB Y\u00f6nergesinin 4. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda mal ve hizmetlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u00fccretin veya bedelin uygunlu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda haks\u0131z \u015fart de\u011ferlendirmesinde bulunulamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. 4822 sy. yasa ile 6.3.2003 tarihinde 4077 sy. eTKHK\u2019na eklenen haks\u0131z \u015fart h\u00fckm\u00fcnde fiyat-edim dengesi ile ilgili herhangi bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yer almazken; kanuna dayan\u0131larak \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lan 16.6.2003 tarihli T\u00fcketici S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerindeki Haks\u0131z \u015eartlar Hakk\u0131nda Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin 6. maddesinin 3. f\u0131kras\u0131 \u201c<\/em>\u015eartlar\u0131n haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n takdirinde, bu \u015fartlar a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir dille kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmak ko\u015fuluyla, gerek s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan asli edim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri aras\u0131ndaki, gerekse mal veya hizmetin ger\u00e7ek de\u011feri ile s\u00f6zle\u015fmede belirlenen fiyat\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki dengeye ili\u015fkin bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lamaz.\u201d <\/em>\u015feklinde y\u00f6nergeye uygun olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

6502 sy. yasa ile y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren yeni TKHK ile bu ilke 5. maddenin 7. f\u0131kras\u0131 ile yasa kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve maddenin son f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 17.6.2014 tarihli yeni y\u00f6netmeli\u011fin 6. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda da y\u00f6nergeye uygun olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fullar\u0131nda fiyat-edim dengesine y\u00f6nelik haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimi yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

TKHK\u2019nun gerek\u00e7esinde h\u00fck\u00fcm \u201c<\/em>Yedinci f\u0131krada, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ve serbest piyasa ekonomisinin \u00f6nemli bir kural\u0131 aynen benimsenmektedir. Taraflar\u0131n asli edimleri aras\u0131ndaki denge asla denetim konusu olmaz. Serbest piyasa ekonomisi kurallar\u0131n\u0131n hakim oldu\u011fu bir ortamda edimler aras\u0131 dengede objektif adaletin yerini \u201cpiyasa adaleti\u201d al\u0131r. Fiyatlar baz\u0131 istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mevcut hukuk sistemimizde denetime konu olamaz. Olmalar\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u201cdo\u011fru\u201d fiyat\u0131 tespit etmek i\u00e7in herhangi bir hukuksal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct mevcut de\u011fildir\u2026\u201d <\/em>\u015feklinde gerek\u00e7elendirilmi\u015ftir. Doktrinde ilkeyi destekleyen yazarlar da benzer sebepleri ileri s\u00fcrmektedirler (Ye\u015fim Atamer, S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Sorunu \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde G\u0130\u015e\u2019n\u0131n Denetlenmesi, 2. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 2001, s.220 vd.; Aydo\u011fdu, s.202-203; \u00c7\u0131nar, s.181-184; G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, s.66-67).<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin asli konusu olan fiyat edim dengesi \u00fczerinde haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede bulunan di\u011fer yan edimleri i\u00e7eren kay\u0131tlar\u0131n denetlenmesine engel de\u011fildir. Ancak burada denetimin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi g\u00fcndeme gelecektir. Bu hususta ATAMER, her s\u00f6zle\u015fme kayd\u0131n\u0131n nihayetinde fiyat\u0131n (asli edimin) belirlenmesinde dolayl\u0131 olarak bir etkisi oldu\u011fu kabul\u00fcnden sonra do\u011frudan edim y\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen ve dolayl\u0131 olarak edim y\u00fck\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc belirleyen h\u00fck\u00fcmler ayr\u0131m\u0131 yapmakta ve bunlardan dolayl\u0131 olanlar\u0131n\u0131n denetime tabi oldu\u011fu, do\u011frudan olanlar\u0131n ise yaln\u0131zca saydaml\u0131k denetimine tabi olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Atamer, s.221). \u00c7\u0131nar ise, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ikinci derecede bir noktas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n, edim i\u00e7in do\u011frudan etkili ise, i\u00e7erik denetimine tabi olmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.184).<\/p>\n

Doktrinde bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, taraflar\u0131n asli edim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri konusunda her zaman d\u00fcr\u00fcst davranmayaca\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenleme ile asli edimler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan denetim yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n, t\u00fcketici bilincinin ve t\u00fcketici \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin yeterince geli\u015fmedi\u011fi \u00dclkemizde, yerinde olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakl\u0131 olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (M. \u0130lhan Ulusan, G\u0130\u015e\u2019nda ve \u00d6zellikle T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanunda Haks\u0131z \u015eartlara \u0130li\u015fkin \u0130\u00e7erik Denetimi, \u0130K\u00dcHFD, \u0130stanbul, Aral\u0131k 2004, s.40).<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>3.1.<\/strong>\u0130stisnan\u0131n \u0130stisnas\u0131 Olarak Saydaml\u0131k \u0130lkesi<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Roma hukukundan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olan bu kurala g\u00f6re, \u015f\u00fcphe halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi kaleme alan aleyhine yorumun \u00fcst\u00fcn tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. H\u00fckm\u00fcn z\u0131t anlam\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bu kural, s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc yazan taraf\u0131n bunun anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmas\u0131 sorumlulu\u011funu ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine dayan\u0131r (Aydo\u011fdu, s.200). 93\/13 sy. AB Y\u00f6nergesine uygun olarak TKHK m.5\/4\u2019te bu ilke, \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, t\u00fcketicinin anlayabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir dilin kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmamas\u0131 veya birden \u00e7ok anlama gelmesi h\u00e2linde; bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, t\u00fcketicinin lehine yorumlan\u0131r.\u201d <\/em>\u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir. TBK m. 23\u2019te de ilke benzer \u015fekilde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcketiciyi koruyan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 ancak piyasan\u0131n rekabet halinde olmas\u0131 ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.169). 6502 sy. Kanun gerek\u00e7esinde bu durum \u201cEn elveri\u015fli fiyatlar\u0131n olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in bedel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sunulan hizmetin kapsam\u0131, hangi hallerde ek bir \u00f6demenin talep edilece\u011fi t\u00fcketiciler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131labilir ve di\u011fer arz edilen mal veya hizmetlerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir olmas\u0131 gerekir. Aksi taktirde zaten piyasada fiyat olu\u015fumunun \u00f6n ko\u015fullar\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f olur. Bu nedenle gerek asli edimlerin gerekse yan edimlerin hepsi saydaml\u0131k denetiminden ge\u00e7er.\u201d<\/em> \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re fiyata ili\u015fkin hususlar t\u00fcketiciye a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sunulmam\u0131\u015fsa haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimine tabi olacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin t\u00fcketiciye sabit fiyat garantisi ile abonelik s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a uyar\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde daha sonradan ek olarak para talep edilmesi halinde haks\u0131z \u015fart\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilebilecektir (Aydo\u011fdu, s.203).<\/p>\n

Bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme kayd\u0131n\u0131n \u015feffaf d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespitinde, hangi t\u00fcketici modelinin g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulaca\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur. Doktrinde bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, t\u00fcketicilerin bireysel bilgi ve tecr\u00fcbesi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmal\u0131 derken; a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, orta zekal\u0131 bir t\u00fcketicinin anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/em> esas al\u0131nmal\u0131 demektedir (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.167).<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>3.2.<\/strong>D\u00fczenleyici Hukuk Kurallar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcketici Aleyhine Bertaraf Edilmesi<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u0130deolojik temelini liberalizmin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu, ki\u015filerin kendi \u00f6zel hukuk ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenlerken her t\u00fcrl\u00fc d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131dan koruma ve serbest\u00e7e karar verebilme amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden irade \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ilkesi hukukumuzca da benimsenmi\u015ftir. \u0130rade \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ilkesinin en \u00f6nemli unsuru s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Klasik anlay\u0131\u015fa g\u00f6re s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile kurulan \u00e7\u0131kar dengesi, taraflar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 birbirine uygun iradelerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in adil g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011fi ile hukuk d\u00fczeni ilgilenmemektedir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ile d\u00fczenleme serbestisine, emredici kurallara ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k, ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k ve imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k \u015feklinde genel s\u0131n\u0131rlar konulmas\u0131yla yetinilmi\u015f ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7eri\u011finin taraflar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekten adil bi\u00e7imde dengeleyip dengelemedi\u011fini denetleyici olarak genel bir kural koyma yoluna gidilmemi\u015ftir (Havut\u00e7u, s.29).<\/p>\n

Liberalizmin soyut e\u015fitli\u011fi esas alan bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi, e\u011fer s\u00f6zle\u015fme taraflar\u0131 ekonomik ve bilgi d\u00fczeyi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden e\u015fit g\u00fc\u00e7te de\u011filse, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca \u015fekli anlamda sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur ve \u015fekli anlamda adil bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden bahsedilebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc fiili e\u015fitsizlik halinde, zay\u0131f olan t\u00fcketicinin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan giri\u015fimci kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fine etki etme ve de\u011fi\u015ftirebilme \u015fans\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez (Havut\u00e7u, s.30-31).<\/p>\n

TBK\u2019nda yasa koyucu irade \u00f6zerkli\u011fine i\u015flerlik sa\u011flayabilmek amac\u0131yla, d\u00fczenleyici (tamamlay\u0131c\u0131, yedek) nitelikteki kurallara daha fazla yer vererek, taraflar\u0131n aralar\u0131ndaki hukuki ili\u015fkinin \u00f6zelli\u011fine uygun bi\u00e7imde karar alabilmelerine imk\u00e2n sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Taraflar\u0131n iradesiyle etkisiz b\u0131rak\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece uygulama alan\u0131 bulan d\u00fczenleyici hukuk kurallar\u0131, giri\u015fimciler taraf\u0131ndan, \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanan haks\u0131z \u015fartlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla aleyhine olanlar\u0131 lehine olacak \u015fekilde de\u011fi\u015ftirmektedir. Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri bu \u015fekilde bertaraf edilerek, t\u00fcketicinin ekonomik veya yap\u0131sal g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc nedeniyle, kendi aleyhine olan ko\u015fullar\u0131 kabul etmek zorunda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n, yasa koyucunun taraflara s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi tan\u0131mas\u0131ndaki ama\u00e7la ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (Havut\u00e7u, s.34 vd.).<\/p>\n

D\u00fczenleyici hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n kitlesel olarak bertaraf edilmesini fenomen olarak nitelendiren ATAMER, bunlar\u0131n denetlenmesi i\u00e7in TBK\u2019da yer alan kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k<\/em> kavram\u0131ndan faydalan\u0131labilece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re, ilk \u00f6nce sapman\u0131n tespit edilebilmesi i\u00e7in taraflar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7in en uygun hak ve bor\u00e7 da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l olabilece\u011fi hususunda bir model norm tespit edilmelidir. Daha sonra bu normdan haks\u0131z \u015fart yoluyla sap\u0131l\u0131p sap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelenmelidir. Belirlenen normdan her sapman\u0131n de\u011fil \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir sapman\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 halinde hakimin art\u0131k o s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc bat\u0131l saymas\u0131 gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca t\u00fcketicinin menfaati bir haks\u0131z \u015fartla ihlal edilmekle beraber s\u00f6zle\u015fmede bunun farkl\u0131 yollardan dengelenmi\u015f olmas\u0131 ihtimalini de g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir (Atamer, s.306 vd.). Bunu yaparken TKHK m. 5\/6 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na de\u011fil s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131 ile de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir. Zira t\u00fcketiciye s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ba\u015fka maddeleri ile haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderici tavizler verilmi\u015f ve dengenin yeniden sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ihtimali vard\u0131r (Aydo\u011fdu, s.202). Taraflar aras\u0131ndaki bu denge, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu ilk ana g\u00f6re belirlenecektir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme adaleti ba\u015ftan sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve fakat daha sonra bozulmu\u015fsa bu durum s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n haks\u0131zl\u0131k denetimi yoluyla de\u011fil, i\u015flem temelinin \u00e7\u00f6kmesi kurumu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilebilir (Aydo\u011fdu, s.202).<\/p>\n

Kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k kavram\u0131n\u0131n benzer \u015fekilde fiyat-edim dengesinin denetlenmesi i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 sorusu akla gelmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay bir karar\u0131nda, do\u011falgaz sat\u0131\u015f fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 belirleme yetkisinin kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc ile Bakanl\u0131kta oldu\u011fu ve buna g\u00f6re da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015firketleri taraf\u0131ndan Bakanl\u0131k\u00e7a belirlenen alt ve \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmesi yap\u0131larak; \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015fan tarife h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ge\u00e7ersiz olaca\u011f\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 13. HD, E.1996\/1734, K.1996\/2495, K.T: 18.3.1996; Karar i\u00e7in bkz. Cengiz \u0130lhan, T\u00fcketicinin Korunmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun (\u015eerh), 1. Bask\u0131, TBB Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, Temmuz 2006, s.232 vd., dn.4.; Karar hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in bkz. Ay\u015fe Havut\u00e7u, G\u0130\u015e\u2019n\u0131n \u0130\u00e7erik Denetimi Bir Yarg\u0131tay Karar\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, \u0130zmir Barosu Dergisi, S.4, Ekim 1998, s.23-38; Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Y\u0130BBGK, E.1944\/4, K.1944\/12, K.T: 5.4.1944).<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>3.3.<\/strong>Resmi Haddi A\u015fan Fiyatlar<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Piyasa ekonomisinin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu liberal ekonomilerde prensip devletin fiyatlara m\u00fcdahale etmemesidir. Mal ve hizmet fiyatlar\u0131 arz ve talebe g\u00f6re olu\u015fur. Rekabetin d\u00fczg\u00fcn i\u015fledi\u011fi piyasalarda, uzun d\u00f6nemde en uygun fiyat\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 beklenir. Bu nedenle neoliberal devlet sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir rekabet ortam\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri al\u0131r. Keza Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 167\u2019nci maddesi, devlete, piyasalar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve d\u00fczenli i\u015flemelerini sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 tedbirler almas\u0131 \u00f6devi y\u00fcklemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

\u00dclkemiz tarihinde Sel\u00e7uklu d\u00f6neminden bu yana devletin piyasa fiyat\u0131na m\u00fcdahale etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.\u00a0 1980 sonras\u0131 uygulanan serbest piyasa ekonomisine d\u00f6n\u00fck politikalar sonucu bu fiyat tespitleri \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Baykan, s.344-347). Fiyat\u0131n ve \u00f6deme \u015feklinin giri\u015fimci taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesi kural haline geldi\u011fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, devletin baz\u0131 \u00f6nemli t\u00fcketim \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde halen daha \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle fiyat belirleme yoluna gitti\u011fi g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir (Devletin fiyat tespit etmesine \u00f6rnekler i\u00e7in bkz. Baykan, s.364-370).<\/p>\n

Burada devletin belirledi\u011fi resmi haddin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ne olaca\u011f\u0131 sorusu ilk olarak akla gelmektedir. Doktrinde s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenlemelerin emredici h\u00fck\u00fcm oldu\u011fu ve haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimine tabi tutmadan s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu ya da yasal tarife \u00fczerinden ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (\u00c7\u0131nar, s.182-183; Atamer, s.220). K\u0131smi h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck veya k\u0131smi kanuni indirim taraflar\u0131n kabul\u00fcne gerek olmayan zorunlu bir durumdur (Nagehan K\u0131rkbe\u015fo\u011flu, T\u00fcrk \u00d6zel Hukukunda K\u0131smi H\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck, Doktora Tezi, \u0130stanbul, 2010, s.31; Yelmen, s.159). TTK 1530\/1 yol g\u00f6sterici bir h\u00fck\u00fcm olup, benzer t\u00fcm durumlar i\u00e7in k\u0131yasen uygulanabilir (K\u0131rkbe\u015fo\u011flu, s.200). Yine doktrinde sadece t\u00fcketiciye ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi ileri s\u00fcrme hakk\u0131 veren, esnek h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fc\u011fe benzeyen tek tarafl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck<\/em> g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc savunulmu\u015ftur (G\u00f6khan Antalya, 6098 sy. TBK\u2019na G\u00f6re Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku, Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, C. 1, \u0130stanbul, Legal Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2012, s.103 vd.). Ger\u00e7ekten de s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alan haks\u0131z \u015fartlar t\u00fcketici aleyhine oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in zaten giri\u015fimci bu \u015fartlar\u0131n ge\u00e7ersizli\u011fi iddias\u0131nda bulunmaz. Giri\u015fimci, en fazla s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamamen ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrebilir ki bu yol da 6502 sy. K. m. 5\/II-c.3 ile yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi d\u00fczenleyen giri\u015fimci, kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz say\u0131lan \u015fartlar olmasayd\u0131 di\u011fer h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi yapmayacak oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcremeyecektir (Aydo\u011fdu, s.138).<\/p>\n

Kan\u0131m\u0131zca, bu t\u00fcr zorlama \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler uygulamada yaln\u0131zca kafa kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratmaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere T\u00fcketici Hukukunun ruhuna uygun ve g\u00fcncel sorunlara cevap verebilecek \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmek s\u00f6zle\u015fme adaletinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131na bir ad\u0131m daha yakla\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131 sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>3.4.<\/strong> Genel Hukuk Kurallar\u0131na Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Halleri<\/strong><\/h3>\n

T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu m. 27\/1\u2019de, \u201cKanunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine, ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 veya konusu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr.\u201d <\/em>denilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme kayd\u0131 say\u0131lan hallerden birini ihlal ediyorsa kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olacak olup; TBK m. 27\/2 gere\u011fi s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini devam ettirecektir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin asli edimleri yani fiyat-edim dengesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6zle\u015fme kay\u0131tlar\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fc ihlal ederse kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131r. Burada hangi edimlerin emredici hukuk kural\u0131 oldu\u011fu, hangi hallerin ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi pek \u00e7ok tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 husus mevcuttur (Bu husus hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Ye\u015fim M. Atamer, S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 Sorunu \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde G\u0130\u015e\u2019n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi, Doktora Tezi, \u0130stanbul, 1999, s.129 vd.). Ancak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma konumuzun kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmamak ad\u0131na \u015fimdilik k\u0131saca de\u011finmekle yetiniyoruz.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/a><\/a>4.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>DE\u011eERLEND\u0130RME<\/strong><\/h2>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcketicilerin giri\u015fimci ile kurdu\u011fu ekonomik ili\u015fkide s\u00f6z s\u00f6yleme hakk\u0131 neredeyse ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. T\u00fcketicinin ekonomik menfaati, rekabet\u00e7i bir serbest piyasan\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde korunmakta, bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn say\u0131s\u0131 artan global \u00e7aptaki giri\u015fimcilerin, k\u00e2r politikalar\u0131n\u0131n insaf\u0131na terkedilmektedir. Devlet her ne kadar rekabet\u00e7i piyasan\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in d\u00fczenleyici kurumlar nezdinde politikalar olu\u015ftursa da (S\u00f6z konusu politikalar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden olumlu bir \u00f6rnek i\u00e7in bkz. https:\/\/www.tgrthaber.com.tr\/ekonomi\/rekabet-kararlari-ile-10-milyar-tl-tuketicide-kaldi-236703<\/a>, E.T: 7.12.2018) giri\u015fimciler de bunun tersine k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in t\u00fcketicinin aleyhine olabilecek hinlikler yapabilmektedir. T\u00fcketici \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin yeterli say\u0131lara ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve t\u00fcketici bilincinin de hen\u00fcz yerle\u015fmedi\u011fi \u00fclkemizde, asli edimler aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi yaln\u0131z serbest piyasan\u0131n merhametine b\u0131rakmak, feodal bir toplumda k\u00f6yl\u00fcy\u00fc toprak sahibinin insaf\u0131na b\u0131rakmaktan farks\u0131z olacakt\u0131r. 5.4.1993 tarihli 93\/13 sy. AB Y\u00f6nergesi ile \u00f6nce pek \u00e7ok AB \u00fcyesi \u00fclkenin ulusal mevzuatlar\u0131na daha sonra da 6.3.2003 tarihinde 4822 sy. Yasa ile yap\u0131lan eklemeyle \u00fclkemiz mevzuat\u0131na dahil olan Haks\u0131z \u015eart kurumu, t\u00fcketici haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ciddi bir ilerleme sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak monopol veya oligopol piyasa \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclen alanlarda, rekabet\u00e7i bir piyasa olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan t\u00fcketici \u00e7o\u011fu zaman giri\u015fimcinin belirledi\u011fi fahi\u015f fiyatlardan \u00fcr\u00fcn ya da hizmet sat\u0131n almaktad\u0131r. Hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphe yok ki bu durum s\u00f6zle\u015fme adaletini sa\u011flamaktan \u00e7ok uzakt\u0131r. Hatta kanun koyucu, kendisi fark\u0131na varm\u0131\u015f olacak ki, giri\u015fimcilerin fiyat-edim dengesini bozan bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in TKHK m. 4\/3 ile s\u00f6z konusu ilkeye ters d\u00fc\u015fen h\u00fckm\u00fc kaleme alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan istisna haller ve \u00e7e\u015fitli mevzuat h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile bu ilkenin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sak\u0131ncalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lsada, bu konuda yap\u0131lacak bir yasa de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile kal\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm sa\u011flamak daha isabetli olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uygulamada Yarg\u0131tay da, t\u00fcketiciyi, giri\u015fimci kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda korumak amac\u0131yla birtak\u0131m i\u00e7tihatlar geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re bir karar\u0131nda (Yarg\u0131tay 13. HD, E.2008\/15042, K.2009\/5386, K.T: 20.04.2009; Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde ba\u015fka bir karar i\u00e7in bkz. Yarg\u0131tay 13. HD, E.2008\/4345, K.2008\/6088, K.T: 02.05.2008), bankan\u0131n t\u00fcketiciyle akdetti\u011fi bir standart s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re, t\u00fcketiciden, kredi kart\u0131 hizmetinin sunulmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 banka taraf\u0131ndan, kredi kart\u0131 \u00fcyelik \u00fccreti ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k belli bir \u00fccret almas\u0131n\u0131 haks\u0131z \u015fart olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay bu karar\u0131yla kredi kart\u0131 hizmeti sunulmas\u0131 edimi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda t\u00fcketiciden kar\u015f\u0131 edim olarak al\u0131nan bir miktar paray\u0131 t\u00fcketiciyle m\u00fczakere edilmedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esi ile haks\u0131z \u015fart oldu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirmesinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Yani asli edimleri haks\u0131z \u015fart incelemesine tabi tutmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Haks\u0131z \u015fartlara kar\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcketicinin korunmas\u0131nda hakimin yararlanabilece\u011fi temel h\u00fck\u00fcm d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131d\u0131r (TMK m.2). Hakim somut olayda, Avrupa \u00fclkelerinde bu kuraldan hareketle geli\u015ftirilen denetim kurallar\u0131ndan yararlanarak, t\u00fcketicinin dikkati \u00e7ekilmeden, okumas\u0131na imkan tan\u0131nmadan toptan bir y\u00fckleme anla\u015fmas\u0131yla s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dahil edilen genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verebilir ya da t\u00fcketicinin tahmin edemeyece\u011fi, beklenmedik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fart\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz sayabilir (Havut\u00e7u, Yarg\u0131tay Karar\u0131, s.36). Yarg\u0131tay da bir karar\u0131nda \u201c<\/em>Yukar\u0131daki s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen genel i\u015flem \u015fart\u0131nda yer alan ko\u015ful, a\u00e7\u0131k ve anla\u015f\u0131labilir oldu\u011funun yan\u0131nda, birden \u00e7ok anlama gelmeyen, al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunmayan bir kay\u0131tt\u0131r. Aksi takdirde, s\u00f6zle\u015fenlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 adil ve hakkaniyete uygun olarak denkle\u015ftirmeyen, m\u00fc\u015fterinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 giri\u015fimci yarar\u0131na k\u0131s\u0131tlayan \u015fartlar ge\u00e7ersiz olmak durumunda kalacakt\u0131.\u201d <\/em>diyerek bu duruma i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir (Yarg\u0131tay 3. HD, E.1995\/14823, K.1996\/3463, K.T: 22.01.1996).<\/p>\n

Avrupa Parlamentosu ve Konseyi\u2019nin 22.11.2011 tarihli 2011\/83 say\u0131l\u0131 Y\u00f6nergenin 32. maddesi ile 93\/13 sy. Y\u00f6nergeye 8a maddesi <\/em>eklenmi\u015ftir. Maddenin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131 mealen \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n

\u201c(1) Bir \u00dcye Devletin 8. maddeye g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kabul etmesi halinde, bundan sonraki herhangi bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u00f6zellikle bu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri komisyona bildirir. <\/em><\/p>\n

– haks\u0131zl\u0131k de\u011ferlendirmesini m\u00fcnferit olarak m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131na veya fiyat\u0131n veya \u00fccretin yeterlili\u011fine geni\u015fleten<\/strong>; veya,<\/em><\/p>\n

– haks\u0131z say\u0131lacak s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n listesini i\u00e7ermelidir <\/em><\/p>\n

(https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32011L0083&from=EN<\/a> E.T:01.12.2018)<\/p>\n

Her ne kadar Y\u00f6nergede s\u00f6z konusu ilkeyi bar\u0131nd\u0131ran m.4\/2 sabit kalsa da Y\u00f6nergeye eklenen bu maddeden, AB\u2019nin haks\u0131z \u015fartlarda fiyat-edim dengesinin denetlenmesine yasak getiren ilkeden vazge\u00e7ildi\u011fi sonucuna varmaktay\u0131z. Yukar\u0131da k\u0131saca de\u011findi\u011fimiz ABAD\u2019\u0131n Mostaza Claro karar\u0131nda, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ko\u015fulunun m\u00fczakere edilmi\u015f olup olmamas\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n; d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131<\/em> \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde s\u00f6zle\u015fme dengesinin bir taraf aleyhine bozulup bozulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki karar\u0131, 93\/13 sy. Y\u00f6nergenin 3. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, t\u00fcketici haklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 2011\/83 say\u0131l\u0131 yeni Y\u00f6nerge\u2019nin 32. maddesinde ve 93\/13 say\u0131l\u0131 Y\u00f6nerge\u2019nin giri\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda (bkz. 12. paragraf), i\u00e7erik denetimine ili\u015fkin AB hukuku h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin;<\/p>\n

1) \u00fcye \u00fclke hukuklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda asgari uyumu ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n

2) t\u00fcketici i\u00e7in en d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte koruma \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc,<\/p>\n

dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00fcye \u00fclke kanun koyucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bunlar\u0131n yerine t\u00fcketiciyi daha iyi koruyabilecek h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin getirilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. 93\/13 say\u0131l\u0131 Y\u00f6nerge\u2019nin 3. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00fczenlemenin \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7erken, ABAD da ayn\u0131 gerek\u00e7eden hareket etmi\u015ftir (B\u00fcy\u00fcksa\u011fi\u015f, s.694-695). \u00dclkemizde de mevzuatta de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lana kadar hakimler d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131ndan faydalanarak benzer gerek\u00e7elerle fiyat-edim dengesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bir denetim yapabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

Av. Enes AL\u0130\u015e, LL.M.<\/strong><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e 9 Nisan 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda BM\u2019ce kabul edilen \u201cT\u00fcketicilerin Korunmas\u0131 \u0130lkeleri Rehberi\u201d t\u00fcketicinin korunmas\u0131 hareketine h\u0131z kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. AB\u2019nin 93\/13 sy. Y\u00f6nergesi ile \u00fcye \u00fclkeler, haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimini h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6nergeye uygun olarak ulusal mevzuatlar\u0131na dahil etmi\u015flerdir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 172. maddesi ile devlete t\u00fcketiciyi koruyucu tedbirler alma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc y\u00fckleyen hukukumuz haks\u0131z \u015fart denetimi ile ilk kez […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[168,167],"class_list":["post-13604","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-meridyen-hukuk","tag-fiyat-edim-dengesi","tag-haksiz-sart"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13604"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13604"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13605,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13604\/revisions\/13605"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13604"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13604"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.meridyenhukuk.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}